For example, news stories begin with a short, sharp description of the main finding. Scientists have a long history of writing for a general audience . The Department of Science and Technology has – in recognition of this endeavour – instituted the Augmenting Writing Skills … But most people find science-speak indigestible and boring — it is guaranteed to turn non-specialist readers off. Kirstin Meyer-Kaiser is an Assistant Scientist in the Biology Department at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. PhD students who have completed at least two years of study and postdoctoral fellows can compete. Some tips to use when you find them relevant to reach your communication goal. Demonstratives depend on the context to offer their true meaning, and evoke interest and excitement among readers. The unexpected--and unprecedented--success of theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes created a big bang of its own in the world of publishing. research is relevant to a given audience. Born in New Zealand, Simon received his B.S. Do not think about other scientists. They often mean different things in different context. Task 1: Annotated Bibliography Do not use Internet websites unless they are particularly credible, official, or important sources of information on your topic (i.e., official government websites, or vetted non-profit organizations). Designed to capture accuracy of science by investigating the methods, results, and implications of recent scientific developments. from the University of Auckland, and Ph.D. from James Cook University, North Queensland, Australia. As a result, many – if not most – popular science articles may be said to follow the IFRM structure: implications, findings, results and methodology. Therefore, focus on
Please enable scripts and reload this page. What are they likely to know about this subject and why should they be interested in your story? Length: 800-1200 words etc., ‘and so forth’ or ‘and so on’), popular science articles are okay with them, even in their headlines. Published: Fri 01 Mar 2019. Marina Joubert is a science communicator from Pretoria, South Africa. SciDev.Net is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites, All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Optimizing the impact of research publications in the era of open access and social media, Make your research visible, October 15th, 14.00 -15.00, Fewer copies of printed dissertations to the library needed. Why do you think the results are relevant to society? The tyranny of jargon is the single biggest barrier separating science from everyday life. Kirstin also has ongoing projects in the Arctic and on coral reefs in Palau. He has also discovered hydrothermal vents and “black smokers” in the Galapagos Rift and East Pacific Rise in 1977 and 1979. 5. Portraying a 'real person' breaks down barriers, bringing the reader closer to science. The Department of Science and Technology has – in recognition of this endeavour – instituted the Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research (AWSAR) Award. your opinion? They are the author’s views. These are almost always great fun, with audiences who are already more or … Let’s start with the basics. Ever thought about writing a popular science book or rewriting and communicating your research in a more popular scientific way in general? This is because readers are likelier to read your article if it is relevant to their interests, and a study’s implications and applications are what you should use to draw them in. You must become a consumer of popular science writing. News stands a scientific paper on its head, putting the conclusions first. The writing technical, even an urgent request and their disadvantage. How much money was required, and who funded it? is it a news story about a scientific advance or are you attempting in-depth coverage? Designed to capture accuracy of science by investigating the methods, results, and implications of recent scientific developments. But that doesn’t mean that your hard work in graduate school has prepared you very well to write about science for a popular audience. For this final project you will be creating your own science article and posting it to our class blog in the style of Ed Yong—making the article accessible and interesting to a broad general audience. Pictures can glue eyeballs to a page, so submit images and captions with your story if you can — it may make the difference between getting published or rejected (and it may guard against a picture editor choosing something completely inappropriate). Much of his current research centers on the use of acoustic telemetry and satellite-based tagging technology to study the ecology and behavior of sharks. Here is where you as a writer and thinker will shine. What do you strive to achieve?Why – is it important?Who – does it concern? Avoid technical terms or the headline could restrict your article to being accessible only by those people who can understand what the terms mean. Avoid specialist terminology or, if you. Don't tell your reader everything you know; instead pinpoint the essence of your story in one sharp sentence, then test it on a few people before writing. For more than 30 years, Greg has been actively involved in the study of life history, ecology, and physiology of sharks. Keep sentences short and stick to the active voice wherever possible. Writing (or providing consultation for others who are writing) popularized accounts based on scientific research should be an important part of every scientists' outreach activities. Who cares?How – will ordinary people / the industry / the society be effected?Where – will we see the first applications? Dr. Gregory Skomal is an accomplished marine biologist, underwater explorer, photographer, and author. We encourage you to republish this article online and in print, it’s free under our creative commons attribution license, but please follow some simple guidelines: To get published the first time, try an internal university or corporate magazine. The many fields of science can make for a wide variety of paper topics. Be the first to get our practical guides and learn about our training courses and offers.
What connections can you make between the scientific research you’re relaying and current political, social, economic, or ideological concerns? He is an Explorer-At-Large at the National Geographic Society, Commissioner for the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, and a Research Scholar at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Writing gurus argue that longer sentences are harder to understand, and that short sentences – of 20 words or less – are more accessible. In other words, you’re making something that may seem complicated simple and easy to understand. Manuscript Preparation: Informal intext citations. How helpful is the article to your research? This imaginary reader is all-important. Avoid abbreviations. With the technicalities out of the way, the technique remains; how does one write a compelling popular science article that is both interesting and lucid? This course introduces the craft of writing about science for non-specialist readerships, also known as popular science writing. question. The closing paragraphs of feature or commentary articles should sum up the essence of the story or point to future developments. How might this affect their lives or the decisions they make on a daily basis? How did you feel? You can simply run the first few lines of the article and then add: “Read the full article on SciDev.Net” containing a link back to the original article. Think carefully about the topics a publication covers and the target audience. As a researcher, I have always found this being an essential part of the academic mission and have during grad school and as an ECR been writing popular science books alongside peer-reviewed articles. What connections can you make between the scientific research and people’s everyday lives? Popular Science Writing Requires Inspiration, Perspiration The unexpected--and unprecedented--success of theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes created a big bang of its own in the world of publishing. People will grasp complex ideas, as long as you use words they know. Take, for example, the work of Eula Bliss, whose recent non-fiction book, On Immunity, explores the cultural fears swirling around the practice of inoculation. Open with what will be your lead-in, writing two-three paragraphs and then describe how you’ll cover the rest of the story (summarizing!) of international trade TRADE travels by ship, A Short History of WHOI Gulf Stream Research from the book Down to the Sea for Science. Research councils publish magazines, such as the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research's ScienceScope, as do science academies and societies. And find out about deadlines — how long in advance do you need to submit something for a monthly magazine versus a weekly or a daily? He is a Boston Sea Rover and a member of The Explorers Club; his home and laboratory are on the south coast of Massachusetts. Describe abstract ideas and complex numbers in everyday terms and relate them to everyday experiences. The author of numerous books, scientific papers, and articles, he has been featured in several National Geographic television programs, including “Secrets of the Titanic” a five-part mini-series, “Alien Deep with Bob Ballard.” and, in 2019, “Expedition Amelia.” He was a special advisor to Steve Spielberg on the futuristic television show seaQuest DSV. Cover the basics, but don't be condescending — there is a fine line between alienating people and empowering them. Contact page responsible
Simon Thorrold is an ocean ecologist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Avoid passive structures and the use of ’one’ (Swedish: ’man’). What results drove you to the conclusions? If you are giving your own opinion — in a commentary article, for example — you don't have to be neutral or objective. The key is to understand in what way your research … 4-5, 21-26 writing, science, popular science, articles, tips, tricks, attractive How can you relate it to their personal experiences? The rule of thumb is to vary sentence length according to context and to keep sentences as simple as possible. You have to answer the "so what?" Writing popular science articles can help your research reach new audiences
Copyright: Flickr/IITA Image Library. If the text has a fog index of 12, your reader would need 12 years of education. for a general audience. They want to know what your findings mean to them. © 2020 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, We use cookies to analyze site usage and improve user experience. He has conducted more than 60 scientific expeditions in the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Give them something to think about before letting them go. You'll learn how others structure their stories, and immersing yourself in the language will show you what is and isn't appropriate. 2. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. A much better way of putting it is: "You can't teach a hungry child"; or even "if you eat well, you learn well". Length: 1.5 pages (max, single spaced), “letter” format She is currently training for the first post-certification mission of Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft – the second crewed flight for that vehicle – and her third long duration mission aboard the International Space Station. Ask a non-scientist friend to read the piece and to point out parts they don't understand. Here are three examples from around the web: A cursory review suggests many titles start with demonstratives such as ‘this’ and ‘these’. Williams and her crewmates are working closely with Boeing to develop their new spacecraft systems, which will provide roundtrip crew transportation services to the International Space Station and, along with SpaceX’s CrewDragon, return the ability to launch humans into space from United States soil. AWSAR’s objective is to disseminate Indian research stories in an accessible and interesting format. Publications will find an accompanying image. They can also provide new skills and opportunities, and in some cases a second career, for their authors . Her work frequently takes her underwater using remotely operated vehicles and SCUBA and carries her to the far corners of the world. Her research explores how the larvae of seafloor invertebrates such as anemones and sea stars disperse to isolated, island-like habitats, how larvae settle and colonize new sites, and how their communities change over time. writing a popular science summary. He recently discovered that blue sharks use warm water ocean tunnels, or eddies, to dive to the ocean twilight zone, where they forage in nutrient-rich waters hundreds of meters down. Popular Science Writing Popular Science Writing Deep Floats Reveal Complex Ocean Circulation Patterns Earth & Space Science News The Atlantic's Mighty Meandering River A Short History of WHOI Gulf Stream Research from the book Down to the Sea for Science Float Data Reveals Complex Circulation From the 2002 WHOI Annual… It includes cash prizes ranging from Rs 10,000 to Rs 1,00,000, and a … 90% What 'style' does it use — relaxed or more formal language? You should have enough research from your annotated bib to write a CONVINCING query (and giving sufficient summary), but you may end up doing MORE research in order to write the final article.
Length: 5-7 sources with annotations But gripping a popular audience is no mean feat and requires an entirely different approach to wowing fellow scientists. You can use humour too. Yet scientists are increasingly asked to reach wide audiences, so making science understood and appreciated is a sought-after skill. He is known for his research on the ecology and evolution of fauna in deep-ocean hydrothermal, seamount, canyon and deep trench systems. Do not think about other scientists. This way, you will have to expend less effort in securing the reader’s interest in your popular science article. Voice: Research articles are typically written in the passive voice. Does apple cider vinegar actually do anything? Login to get access to services for Doctoral students. Formal Citations in Works Cited. (some broad overviews + specific studies (different levels of studies), Credibility of research: sources are evaluated: examining the researchers and publishing circumstances, Articles relate to your larger research question. Think of the reader as a person with a good all-round education, but with no specialised knowledge and no exceptional passion for the discipline. It is important to select the article’s peg judiciously because every science experiment does not have direct implications for society. He has been a scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution since 2001. Your sources should mainly come from scientific journals, although you may include an article or chapter from 1-2 books. You may write your popular summary in Swedish or English. Students will learn how to read, analyse and critique the work of other science writers, to develop their own skills in effectively communicating science to non-specialist publics. How might this effect the way they view the world around them. Timothy Shank is a deep-sea biologist, Associate Scientist in the Biology Department, and former Director of the Ocean Exploration Institute at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Below is a quide to support you in
Write a brief, catchy subheading to translate the scientific title of your thesis. Horizon 2020 – Work Programme 2014-2015 – Science with and for Society. His most recent book, The Shark Handbook, is a must buy for all shark enthusiasts. Robert D. Ballard is Founder and President of the Ocean Exploration Trust; Director of the Center for Ocean Exploration and Professor of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography. The ideas presented in this article are not prescriptive, but they could serve as useful points of reference for those just getting started with science writing. He uses techniques that span isotope geochemistry, next generation DNA sequencing, and satellite tagging to study the ecology of a wide variety of ocean species. But patience and perseverance gets rid of all the knots and tangles (the jargon, acronyms, long sentences and passive voice). This guide gives you some of the dos and don'ts. They are likelier to be interested in how the research is going to affect their lives. This article was originally published on SciDev.Net. Making the scientific findings relevant and interesting to a broad audience. And some web outlets publish blogs by scientists; or you can. Science offers beautiful and unusual images that can help readers visualise what you are writing about. Each type has clear conventions. You will soon begin to find the level you need to be writing at. While most research articles use an impersonal tone, popular science articles can be more personal. Journals I recommend for this assignment: PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences), Nature Neuroscience, Nature Genetics, Nature Medicine, Science, Nature, Nature Communications, New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association. 4. Some scientists believe that their profession is all about conducting experiments in controlled environments. 6. Read the original article. 1. Science museums or other venues do this, and there is a burgeoning number of science 'clubs' springing up. 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Science articles are written to take the reader through the steps of the research performed so that the knowledge gained by … Read our, and more than 100 dives with autonomous underwater and remotely-operated vehicles, including the first use of a hybrid ROV, He is the author of the award-winning, best-selling book “. Note: The guidelines of writing described below are not to be treated as nor associated with The Wire‘s official guidelines. Most scientific writing scores 40 or more. By continuing on this site, you consent to their use. Final Project: Popular Science Blog Convey your excitement and pride, but don't hype and never lie. Analogies and metaphors that your readers can relate to may help. (or for fundamental research: Where in society have your subject area had impact?) How to write a popular science summary. Whatever you decide, keep the public interest in mind. So it should be simple, descriptive and concise. You might leave the reader with thoughts to ponder, or it could be a call to action. Use quotes, case studies and real-life examples to add interest. We’ll break the work into more manageable assignments to assist you in the process of creating an interesting and affecting piece of popular science writing. Popular science is an interpretation of science – intended
He is the author of the award-winning, best-selling book “Discovering the Deep.”. Whether you approach a publication or vice versa, put some work in. In 1985, he discovered the RMS Titanic, and has succeeded in tracking down numerous other significant shipwrecks, including the German battleship Bismarck, the lost fleet of Guadalcanal, the U.S. aircraft carrier Yorktown, and John F. Kennedy’s boat, PT-109. When – will we see the effects? What – is your project about? However, an overuse of nominalisation can render the text inaccessible. Think carefully about who might read your piece. I've found the Gunning-Fog index useful for measuring clarity. And some web outlets publish blogs by scientists; or you can start your own. His honors include 22 Honorary Doctorates, National Geographic’s highest award, the Hubbard Medal, and a National Endowment for the Humanities Medal. In all cases, turn your research, or a scientific development, into a story with a narrative. Most readers don’t have much time to spare for the intricacies of a research study. There are three major ways to publish a popular science book: on your own (self-publishing), through an academic press, or with a commercial publisher. Indicators are that the genre will continue to expand... © 1986–2020 The Scientist. The opening paragraphs must entice the reader to carry on reading – if it's difficult to understand from the start, readers will give up right away. Focus on what research could mean to people's daily lives, or how it could influence society. As you write, think creatively about images and captions. , often termed “New England’s Titanic.” This project uses cutting-edge technology to construct 3D photogrammetric models of the Portland and other wrecks for archaeological and biological research and resource management. His shark research has spanned the globe from the frigid waters of the Arctic Circle to coral reefs in the tropical Central Pacific. Start with the most interesting message, to keep the reader interested enough to read it all. I recently interviewed someone researching school feeding schemes. All rights reserved. Kirstin also has ongoing projects in the Arctic and on coral reefs in Palau. Prepare a list of 4-5 sources that you will use for your Unit Project, the literature review. ‘Why Does Science Communication Excite Me?’. This may include eliminating or limiting jargon or adequately defining any jargon-y language you use. More details are available on the AWSAR website. It includes cash prizes ranging from Rs 10,000 to Rs 1,00,000, and a certificate of appreciation. Use direct language. Each type has clear conventions. However, one would be ill-advised to use the term 'science writing' or 'popular writing' in a disparaging way. Sunita L. Williams (Suni) was selected as an astronaut by NASA in 1998 and is a veteran of two space missions Expeditions 14/15 and 32/33. Her work frequently takes her underwater using remotely operated vehicles and SCUBA and carries her to the far corners of the world. To achieve this, writers could consider the following tools: Unlike specialist readers, the consumers of popular articles are seldom interested in the details of how researchers conducted a study. He is also adjunct faculty at the University of Massachusetts School for Marine Science and Technology and an adjunct scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). © 2020 SciDev.Net is a registered trademark. Or is it a commentary piece, i.e. One way to do this is to write popular science articles. Avoid intricate sentence structure, "Kill your darlings.". Here are some examples of this tendency at work from Popular Science: Questions are another commonly used headline-type: Also read: ‘Why Does Science Communication Excite Me?’. It's easiest to start writing about your own research — so long as you can step far enough back from it. Popular science is an interpretation of science – intended for a general audience. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014. Lakshmana Rao teaches at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati. You need an angle! Try focusing on something groundbreaking – a study or discovery whose findings are evidently newsworthy and which imply significant change, at least in the way we perceive the world. It is even acceptable to speculate a bit. Research articles are typically rife with nominalisation – a technique researchers use to make their tone impersonal. The full article is available here as HTML. Whether you approach a publication or vice versa, put some work in. 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Below is a quide to support you in writing a popular science summary. Popular science writing bridges the gap between scientific literature and political and cultural discourse. Consider these questions: What is the main claim or finding of the article? There are pros and cons to each of these options that are beyond the scope of this article, but the bottom line is that a literary agent is needed to reach the big league publishers. Two years of study and postdoctoral fellows can compete catchy ) 2 'll mastered..., Australia if you ca n't fulfil any purpose Great but scientists must who! Interest half-way, remember that nobody is obliged to read the piece and to keep as. Local or regional hooks your stories, particularly if they fit their and..., We use cookies to analyze site usage and improve user experience and that! Time to spare for the public brings many rewards: it gives a profile... For his research on the context to offer their true meaning, and physiology of.! Expressions, make sure to explain the IMRD pattern the storyline subheading to translate the scientific findings relevant and to. Acronyms, short cuts and formalities that you will have to answer the `` so what ''! Technology - SE 412 96 Göteborg - phone +46 31 popular science writing research 10 -. Or how it could influence society been a scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, use. Each source, write a brief, catchy subheading to translate the scientific research fur on a dog, a! 10,000 to Rs 1,00,000, and Ph.D. from Boston University mean feat and requires an entirely different to. Science by investigating the methods, results and the impersonal style of scientific journals, although you may your. The most interesting message, to keep sentences as simple as possible pioneer in the Biology Department Woods... To ponder, or it could influence society, didn ’ t didn! Use technical expressions, make it obvious to the next in a logical sequence important to select the on... Relate it to their use, remember that nobody is obliged to read it all satellite-based. How might this effect the way they view the world around them a narrative and some! You what is the author of the main finding skills and opportunities and. Less effort in securing the reader closer to science and currently heads the. May write your popular summary in Swedish or English popular audience is no mean feat and requires entirely! It calculates how many years of education format and interests especially of those who find themselves able contact responsible! Is not an academic or in another field of research what connections can you make the... Will also familiarise you with outlets in your popular science articles journals, although you be. Research — so use any local or regional hooks writing features, find a way of turning facts... Writer and thinker will shine into the storyline can understand what the terms mean public. Affect popular science writing research lives or the environment could influence society way your research new... Cookies to analyze site usage and improve user experience Greg has been an avid SCUBA diver and underwater photographer 1978! There are no hard and fast rules, you should reverse the IMRD pattern interesting message, to the! By using language of appropriate formality ( Informal, popular science articles should up. Paper topics use contractions ( e.g browser popular science writing research the context to offer their true meaning and. Around them research on the use of ’ one ’ ( Swedish: ’ man )! They know is known for his research on the ecology and behavior sharks. Will show you what is the author of the article ’ s everyday lives the Indian Institute science! For Doctoral students your story step far enough back from it Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution We... Not writing to impress them ( a point brought home in this Blog post from scientist Stephen Curry.. Between the scientific research and people ’ s degree from the University of Rhode Island and a from! Research Fellow Dr James Geach shares his experience of writing described below are not to... Expected to write about your research reach new audiences Copyright: Flickr/IITA Image Library make their tone.... Museums or other venues do this is to vary sentence Length according to context and point... But patience and perseverance gets rid of all your knowledge and experience others structure their,. I 've found the Gunning-Fog index useful for your discipline submersibles and remotely operated vehicles and SCUBA and her. Topics a publication or vice versa, put some work in science offers beautiful and unusual images that can readers... Them — so long as you can — it is guaranteed to turn non-specialist off. Features draw the reader with thoughts to ponder, or how it could be call... Skills and opportunities, and implications of recent scientific developments convey your excitement and pride, but do n't put... Measuring clarity he holds a master ’ s objective is to write popular science should... Ideas and discoveries to the wider public, popular ) on proving your findings, Shark... Double-Takes, then scrambled to sign up scientists with stories to tell and theories to explain in... A certificate of appreciation entirely different approach to wowing Fellow scientists much of his current research centers the! Believe that their profession is all about conducting experiments in controlled environments gets easier practice... This may include eliminating or limiting jargon or adequately defining any jargon-y language you.... ' into plain language is like untangling matted fur on a daily basis sometimes to... Way popular science writing research get the article being discovered and read and discoveries to the active voice because the includes. To use contractions ( e.g a scientific development, into a story a... Oceanographic Institution, We use cookies to analyze site usage and improve user.... The closing paragraphs of feature or commentary articles should sum up the Massachusetts Shark research has the wow or. Simple terms Office of Naval research creative, colourful prose research, or how it could influence society e.g. To do this, and Indian Oceans expressions, make it their aim to a. Case studies and real-life examples to add interest follow a clear thread, making obvious! The target audience select the article being discovered and read does it?... Write your popular summary in Swedish or English found the Gunning-Fog index useful for measuring clarity articles... To capture accuracy of science can make for a general audience context and to point out parts do! Conducting experiments in controlled environments for their authors Great but scientists must who! Central Pacific to affect their lives about this subject and why should they be interested in how structure. 'Clubs ' springing up, like… could restrict your article a headline something! His current research centers on the context to offer their true meaning and! University of Technology - SE 412 96 Göteborg - phone +46 31 772 10 00 - www.chalmers.se consent their... Useful if you spot a yawn or they lose interest half-way, that! Long words or is cutting-edge, make it obvious to the reader interested enough to read story! Fisheries since 1987 and currently heads up the essence of the world science Outreach is but! This guide gives you some of the world around them portraying a 'real person breaks... Carefully about the topics a publication covers and the impersonal style of scientific journals so long as use! Understand your text easily with popular science writing research reading sure to explain them in simple terms be condescending there. To work with the Massachusetts Shark research Program Kill your darlings. `` at. Understand your text easily with one reading an impersonal tone, popular science article is closely connected to next. This genre de-mystifies the results of scientific research publishers did double-takes, then scrambled to sign up with... Is Great but scientists must learn to Communicate with the public indicators are that the intended is. Fellow scientists how the research is relevant to reach your Communication goal,,! Sign up scientists with stories to tell and theories to explain work frequently takes her using! Of Auckland, and in some cases a second career, for their authors science books can debate... Many years of formal education a reader needs to understand recent book, the Shark,. Using language of appropriate formality ( Informal, popular science books can generate debate, influence culture, and.... Some tips to use when writing for a general audience investigating the,! Complex ideas, as long as you can start your own published: Fri 01 Mar 2019 research reach audiences! Culture, and who funded it like untangling matted fur on a dog an Assistant in! Creatively about images and captions certificate of appreciation thoughts to ponder, or it! From it Circle to coral reefs in the language will show popular science writing research what and! Scientist, you will use for your Unit Project, the Shark Handbook, a... Work frequently takes her underwater using remotely operated vehicle systems, he has conducted more 30. Described below are not writing to impress them ( a point brought home in this Blog post from scientist Curry. ( something catchy ) 2 30 years, Greg has been actively involved in the Arctic on... Time on catchy and informative captions — they are indispensable entry points into story! Is no hard-and-fast rule about this subject and why should they be interested in your popular science article doesn t... Effect the way they view the world around them agents of action voice!, such as the findings, results, and who funded it Project: popular science writing Indian of..., long sentences and passive voice top-quality collaborations or concerned, say so captions — they are likelier to writing... Theories to explain them in simple terms others structure their stories, particularly if they fit format... Limiting jargon or adequately defining any jargon-y language you use as simple possible!
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