Gass, Mackey, Fernandez, and Alvarez-Torres (1999) found similar patterns regarding the effects of task repetition with L2 learners of Spanish, while the study by Lynch and Maclean (2000) revealed that recycling had positive effects on both accuracy and fluency in an English for Specific Purposes context. However, in its new conceptualization, task repetition does not at all refer to ‘verbatim’ repetitions of the cues in the L2 classroom; rather it involves the repetition of familiar form and content (Bygate 2006). Use repetition for rhythm. However, repetition is not always a problem as, when used properly, it can help your reader follow along. Research also explores the ways in which tasks might be linked within lessons (and across sequences of lessons) to provide learners with opportunities to work repeatedly with similar linguistic content. Avoiding repetition at the paper level. And: iOS 13 A whole new look. Vary your sentences. The following suggestions might help you reduce and avoid repetition in writing in an article or a manuscript. In addition to these themes, researchers and practitioners have also been concerned with task design and implementation, implementation being considered in terms of pre- and post-task activities. The concept of task repetition has clear implications for pedagogy. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. When reading a piece, especially out loud, it really sticks out like a sore thumb if the same words and phrases appear repeatedly, but how can you keep this to an absolute minimum? One of the biggest telltale signs of weak writing is using the same words again and again. Arguably, if the benefits of repeating the same task do not transfer when a new task is performed, one may conclude that task repetition does not assist L2 acquisition and that the effects of task repetition are limited to immediate L2 performance (Ellis 2009b; Larsen-Freeman 2009). But this is not an article about poetry. You can repeat a word to establish a rhythm, or a sentence structure. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. On a whole new level. Articles. Table of contents. A ‘task’ can be defined as a meaning-focused pedagogic activity in which learners need to rely on their linguistic and non-linguistic resources in order to achieve a communicative outcome (Ellis 2009a). (For instance, Paulston and Bruder (1976: 12) identified different types of repetition drills and defined them as ‘plain repetition of the cue’.) By repeating the same or similar tasks, therefore, learners might be able to build upon what they have already done in order to ‘buy time’ not only to do mental work on what they are about to communicate but also to access and (re)formulate words and grammatical structures more efficiently, effectively, and accurately. Avoiding repetition at the paper level; Avoiding repetition at the sentence level; When is repetition not a problem? An article is a piece of writing written for a large audience. Similarly, Ahmadian and Tavakoli (2011) reported the positive effect of task repetition on the complexity and fluency of L2 speech and, more recently, Hawkes (2011) found that task repetition could be used as a pedagogic tool to direct L2 learners’ attention towards form. Published by Oxford University Press; all rights reserved. In this section, we will get ourselves familiar with article writing and the article writing format. Mohammad Javad Ahmadian, Task repetition in ELT, ELT Journal, Volume 66, Issue 3, July 2012, Pages 380–382, https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccs020. The problem with sentence structure is caused by starting them in the same way. However, further rigorous empirical investigation is necessary before any solid claims about effects of (massed) task repetition on L2 acquisition can be confirmed. For example, Bygate (1996, 2001) documented the positive effects of task repetition on the fluency and accuracy of L2 output. We can be avoiding repetition a verb or noun in a following sentence by replacing the verb with its noun equivalent and vice-versa. This article shows how to streamline your writing. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Repeating the same sentence structure is very common. This is a useful device when trying to paraphrase an essay title ( We will look at this more closely in a later article) Example: Many people today assume that famine could no longer happen in the developed world. If you are wandering off-topic, consider placing the additional information into a different article, where it will fit more closely with that topic. Research into task repetition provides insights into how teachers might develop the pre-, while-, and post-task phases of lessons. The main motive behind writing an article is that it should be published in either newspapers or magazines or journals so … This is perhaps the most common way repetition is used in writing. And: Every decision that goes into iPhone makes it stand apart. Since the early 1980s, the notion of task has been widely used in ELT circles, and previous Key Concept articles on task (Rubdy 1998) and task-based language teaching (Foster 1999) note that initial debates centred around: (a) providing a working definition for a task, (b) designing classificatory schemes for grading and sequencing tasks, and (c) examining the effects of different types of tasks on L2 development. Task repetition involves asking language learners to repeat the same or slightly altered tasks at intervals of, for example, one or two weeks (Bygate and Samuda 2005: 43). Thus, regarding the effects of task repetition on acquisition, there are, at least, two additional possibilities that need to be (re)examined: (a) in order for task repetition to have beneficial effects on acquisition, learners may need to receive feedback on their initial performance of the task (Sheppard 2006, cited in Ellis 2009b), and (b) as Bygate (2001) hypothesizes, it may be that massed repetition practice is required for acquisition to take place, i.e. Here we go: 1. Despite these positive findings, empirical evidence regarding the extension of the effects of task repetition to a new task is still relatively scarce. Use synonyms . Your readers may lose interest in your writing if your sentences lack variety. In task repetition, the first performance of the task is regarded as preparation for (or a pre-task activity before) further performances (Ellis 2005). At first glance, this might seem reminiscent of behaviourist drills that are based on the assumption that language learning occurs via a process of habit formation through repetition. © The Author 2012. Search for other works by this author on: ‘The effects of simultaneous use of careful online planning and task repetition on accuracy, complexity, and fluency in EFL learners’ oral production’, ‘Effect of task repetition: appraising the development of second language learners’, Challenge and Change in Language Teaching, ‘Effects of task repetition on the structure and control of oral language’, Researching Pedagogic Tasks, Second Language Learning, Teaching and Testing, ‘Areas of research that influence L2 speaking instruction’, Current Trends in the Development and Teaching of the Four Skills, ‘Integrative planning through the use of task repetition’, Planning and Task Performance in Second Language, ‘Task-based language teaching: sorting out the misunderstandings’, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, ‘The differential effects of three types of task planning on the fluency, complexity and accuracy in L2 oral production’, ‘Task-based language learning and pedagogy’, ‘The effects of task repetition on linguistic output’, ‘Using task repetition to direct learner attention and focus on form’, Advance Access published 12 September 2011; doi:10/1093/elt/ccr059, ‘Adjusting expectations: the study of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language acquisition’, ‘Exploring the benefits of task repetition and recycling for classroom language learning’, Teaching English as a Second Language: Techniques and Procedures, ‘The effects of instruction directed at the gaps second language learners noticed in their oral production’, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Thus, instead of focusing upon the performance of tasks in isolation (which characterizes much research to date), the concept of task repetition moves the focus of debate clearly towards the pedagogic use of tasks within lessons. repeating the same or a slightly altered task a large number of times over a short period of time. In task repetition, the first performance of the task is regarded as preparation for (or a pre-task activity before) further performances . So the thought occured we could discuss when it is a good idea to use repetition in writing (seeing as how we've already talked about when to use it in life). One of the implementation variables that has attracted researchers’ interest is ‘task repetition’. Repetition works in any type of writing, even in sales copy as Apple’s copywriters show: Your all purpose, all day notebook. This new conceptualization is in part informed by the view that our attentional and processing capacity during communication activities is inherently restricted in some important ways, for instance, L2 learners cannot focus on both meaning and form simultaneously. Task repetition involves asking language learners to repeat the same or slightly altered tasks at intervals of, for example, one or two weeks (Bygate and Samuda 2005: 43). Repetition isn’t limited to words. Teacher and student-created videos in English language teaching, ELF and teacher education: attitudes and beliefs, The role of research synthesis in facilitating research–pedagogy dialogue: a response to, Innovations in English Language Teaching in India: Trends in Language Pedagogy and Technology, Gass, Mackey, Fernandez, and Alvarez-Torres (1999), Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. The effects of task repetition on L2 oral production have been examined in a number of studies. How to avoid repetition in writing. While writing an article, you might find yourself digressing into a side subject. : minimal word size to manage (between 3 and 10) : minimal word count to set a "distant repetition" (between 3 and 7) : distance (in letters) of text area for a "distant repetition" (between 200 and 4000) : distance (in letters) of text area for a "close repetition" (between 10 and 400) : word list to forget Write here the text to compute: Be avoiding repetition at the paper level ; avoiding repetition a verb noun. Article writing and the article writing format been examined in a following sentence by replacing verb. L2 output you can repeat a word to establish a rhythm, or purchase an annual subscription, can... Is repetition not a problem readers may lose interest in your writing if your sentences lack variety an annual.... Task a large audience, sign in to an existing account, or manuscript. 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