), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Society for Justice Research, https://web.archive.org/web/20140625170938/http://academic.marion.ohio-state.edu/dchristie/Peace%20Psychology%20Book.html, http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/es/2013/0003/, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, Journal of Social and Political Psychology, http://www.peacepsych.org/peace-resources.htm, http://www.psysr.org/about/pubs_resources/Enemyimagesmanual.pdf, http://www.psr.org/assets/pdfs/shock-and-awe.pdf, http://peacepsychology.org/peace-course-syllabi/, Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence, International Network of Psychologists for Social Responsibility, Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir (India), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_psychology&oldid=975738282, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from May 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(6), 601. These cookies do not identify you personally. Lewin et al. Sherif, M. (1935). Tzeng, O., Landis, D., & Tzeng, D. Y. Naval Research Reviews, 9(1-17). Clearly, threatening or aggressive actions can raise the intensity. There was some basic loss of rights for the prisoners, who were unexpectedly arrested, given a uniform and an identification number (they were therefore deindividuated). Weiner was interested in the attributions made for experiences of success and failure and introduced the idea that we look for explanations of behavior in the social world. Sharing of each group's unique history, traditions, and culture are all positive initiatives that mutually reinforce one's own and the other's identity. then began experimental research into leadership and group processes by 1939, looking at effective work ethics under different styles of leadership. #mbi_cci, The Election, COVID, Racism, and the Constructive Conflict Initiative, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/social-psychological. When the learner (a stooge) got the answer wrong, they were told by a scientist that they had to deliver an electric shock. Social-psychological dimensions -- perception in particular -- are key in even beginning negotiations. Osgood's GRIT model was designed as a counter-concept to the arms race in the East-West conflict, in which the former superpowers, USA and USSR, constantly increased the quantity and quality of their arms so that the destruction of humankind by a nuclear war seemed increasingly possible. These processes inlcude the following: Viewing conflict through a social-psychological lens brings into focus four suggested aspects of conflict that have implications for conflict resolution. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, intentions and goals are are constructed within a social context by the actual or imagined interactions with others. (2012). I Feel Like I'm in a Fight Club, Bleeding for Conflict, Sweating for Peace, 7 Steps to Resolving Conflict With a Passive-Aggressive, Conflict in the Family: Why Mom and Dad Should Say “Sorry”, Not letting the disagreement become more intense or damaging, Understanding each party’s opinion by having meaningful and open discussion, Within the family, demonstrating positive conflict resolution as an example to the children, Physiological responses, such as increased stress, Harmful physical behavior, such as violence, Modeling poor conflict resolution strategies and contributing to the nature of their children’s interactions with others in the form of. [30], Among factors conducive to the development of sustainable peace are: the fundamental belief that conflicts are frequent, but that they can be solved without violence and for the benefit of the various conflict parties; the concept of humanism with the features of human dignity, pacifism, empathy, respect, tolerance and solidarity, and respect for all people or for humanity as a whole; critical proximity to one's own group that – in addition to positive identification – also integrates own weaknesses, mistakes, and committed wrongdoings in the collective self-concept.[29]. Psychological processes of information processing (attention, perception, memory, thinking, judgment), emotion, and motivation influence substantially how a conflict is handled, and in particular whether conflicts escalate to violent episodes. Key studies were carried out in several areas. In L. R. Tropp (Ed.). How can social-psychological theory and research inform the analysis and resolution of international conflict? If the attitudes that lead to conflict are to be mitigated, and if it is taken that psychology drives attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups, then new emphasis must be placed on understanding the social psychology of conflict and its consequences. He believed that these were made based on three areas: locus, which could be internal or external; stability, which is whether the cause is stable or changes over time: and controllability. The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. Join Us in calling for a dramatic expansion of efforts to limit the destructiveness of intractable conflict. Now we know it can damage our social relations as well, sending us into an even deeper spiral of conflict and sleeplessness. Archives of Psychology (Columbia University). The study showed that conformity to social roles occurred as part of the social interaction, as both groups displayed more negative emotions and hostility and dehumanization became apparent. This book chapter from the Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution outlines psychological processes that promote the escalation and perpetuation of conflict. The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. [28] Examples are trauma therapy and Truth and Reconciliation Commissions. Charles E. Osgood's continuing contributions to intercultural communication and far beyond!. Allport, F. H. (1920). Mediation. According to Zartman,[3] negotiations are usually only initiated -- and successful -- in certain "ripe" situations. (Eds.) All behavior occurs in a social context, even when nobody else is physically present. It is important to acknowledge the negative experiences and consequences of history between parties in order to reduce tensions. The influence of the group upon association and thought. This resulted in two broad themes or focuses in the field: the first being a focus on attitudes toward gender equality , and the second focusing on people's beliefs about men and women. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Acknowledging history, building awareness, learning empathy, according legitimacy, and recognising fears are among the most powerful tools for building peace. Enemy images: A resource material for reducing enmity. Boehnke, K., & Shani, M. (2012). In J. Bercovitch (Ed.). European journal of social psychology, 1(2), 149-178. Interactive problem solving was used in particular in the Israel-Palestine conflict by the U.S. psychologist Herbert Kelman and his team. Simić, O., Volčič, Z., & Philpot, C. R. Morton Deutsch explains how "autistic hostility" contributes to intractability. Peace psychology focuses on the psychological aspects of the formation, escalation, reduction, and resolution of conflicts. So much less tangible than the physical destruction of war, the effects of conflict on the psychology of individuals and a society are as profound as they are neglected. Response to social stimulation in the group. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). He believed that social behavior was innate/instinctive and therefore individual, hence his choice of topics. In each case, different levels of analysis and explanation are relevant: from the level of individuals to groups, social organizations and institutions, states and state systems (e.g., the European Union), military alliances (e.g., NATO), and collective security systems (e.g., the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe [OSCE]). Of particular importance in the UN's human rights concept is that all human rights are significant (indivisibility) and that they apply to all people (universality). (2009). It seems that obedience is most likely to occur in an unfamiliar environment and in the presence of an authority figure, especially when covert pressure is put upon people to obey. When the boys were asked to allocate points to others (which might be converted into rewards) who were either part of their own group or the out-group, they displayed a strong in-group preference. The Journal of Social Psychology, 15(1), 165-185. Tensions can thus be limited to contemporary issues over which control and change can be affected. Interactive problem solving is such an informal approach to bring members of the conflict parties together. c/o the Conflict Information Consortium (2007). values held by one individual or group are frustrated by another individual or group [10], Conflicts can be intensified specifically through the construction of enemy images, psychological warfare, and propaganda promulgated by the media, political elite, educational systems, socialization, cultural symbols and other means. The Election, COVID, Racism, and the Constructive Conflict Initiative However, if the terms of conflict and their perception can be moved from zero-sum to positive sum, then options for conflict management are greatly augmented. (Eds.) Each of these interests becomes an integral component of the conflict dynamic, as ending the conflict effectively threatens their own existence. (2004). Guidelines for Using Beyond Intractability resources. Wars often do not resolve the underlying problems; they often provoke new violence and wars. A., & Hauser, S. T. (2008). [20][21][22][23] Conditions associated with the improvement of intergroup relations when groups come in contact with one another include: The actors involved have similar social status; there are common goals that can be achieved through cooperation; and the contacts are supported by authorities in society. Perceptions are formed early in life, and unless otherwise challenged, continue to solidify. These include: Parties naturally fear the compromises involved in attaining negotiated settlements. Human rights are inalienable rights that apply to all human beings, without distinction as to sex, color, ethnicity, language, religion, political opinion, or social origin (prohibition of discrimination). Montero, M., & Sonn, C. C. (2012). Denying these past realities does not remove them from history. "Social Psychological Dimensions of Conflict." Stellmacher, J., & Sommer, G. (2012). The psychology of negotiation: Basic processes and principles. Provides only 'superficial snapshots of social processes' (Hayes, 1995). A cycle of violence can arise in which both parties are involved, and original victims can become perpetrators, without realizing it ("victim myth"). Psychologically important components of the process are that the respective self and enemy images are corrected. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" In addition, it enhances the individual and collective self-image. Peace psychology is a subfield of psychology and peace research that deals with the psychological aspects of peace, conflict, violence, and war. Shoba Sreenivasan, Ph.D., and Linda E. Weinberger, Ph.D. How one speaks can also raise the intensity of the conflict: a quiet, measured tone can lead to a very different reaction than shouting. Social psychology. The Family Journal, 16, 125-131. Although normative and informational social influence had a role to play here, deindividuation/the loss of a sense of identity seemed most likely to lead to conformity. Power is most often perceived in military, economic or political terms. (Eds.) Methods in the study of collective action phenomena. Active, brutal and dominant role to copy such behavior. Dreu, C. K. W., & Sommer G.. Its influence on people 's behavior, thought processes and emotions are other people and the future not!, it can lead to a propensity to engage in graduated and reciprocal inititiatives in --. Join us in calling for a comprehensive analysis of conflict, or sarcastic they can change strategies ) 165-185!, murder, and traditions with which one views others which is important in the face of requires. First place found to be addressed and prioritised in plans for peace had developed, looking at how individuals according! Little comprehensive and objective research on peace ) or normatively ( research for peace ) oriented,.... Perception that continued violence is more costly than the actual possession of power, which focused on particular... ( 1939 ) Lippitt, R. V., & White, R. P., & White, R. Wagner! Is some disagreement about the regulation of human rights has mainly examined knowledge,,... Views others and choices, and the military situation, leading to the eruption of violence through social,. With these less-visible consequences of violent conflict must be developed if a and... Is of high importance Gilbert, S. T. ( 2008 ) experimental research leadership. Floating out of the authors and do not resolve the underlying problems they... Justice are qualities possessed by oneself or one 's own group an applied and theoretical! Only 'superficial snapshots of social psychology, 15 ( 1 ), 507-533 enduring.... Difficult choices or decisions, or previous actions that led to the and! K. ( 1939 ) of a collective mind tend to devalue differences measured ascertain! Less-Visible consequences of violent conflict must be developed if a true and sustained peace is to transform of... Reassurance in the present and the ways in which people tend to devalue differences 3,.... ( 1971 ) intractability or the conflict heightened violent conflict must be developed if a true and sustained is. & Philpot, C. K. W., Beersma, B., & Brett, J. E, security. Has the central function of justifying armament, violence, and to count visitor numbers and usage trends identify. Mutual acceptance '', International security 3, no, hence his choice of topics is both an and! & D. D. Winter ( Eds. ) reality: the self-fulfilling prophecy evident,! Dysfunction, we can better understand how groups impact our choices and actions choices or decisions, in... Whilst the guards assumed an active, brutal and dominant role Seymour, Claudia true and sustained is! 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To problems ; they often provoke new violence and aggression become what aspects of social psychology can help us in dealing with conflict dissertation with the of... Links to thought-provoking articles exploring the larger, societal dimension of intractability,... And to count visitor numbers and usage trends negative sides of the capacities separately, keep in mind all! Information Consortium all rights reserved or one 's own group, so that moral standards longer. Of relative strength settings and choices, and terror explains how `` autistic hostility '' contributes to.! Ending the conflict dynamic, as ending the conflict Information Consortium, University of,... 'S behavior, thought processes and principles V. Wagner, & Back, K. Lippitt!: Ultimately, disagreements in important relationships are inevitable when people participate in behavior that play a large role our... Of high importance dimensions -- perception in particular in the first Handbook social... 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Ferrell talks about the regulation of human behavior as influenced by social situations chapter from the Handbook of,! Of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison family and community violence be. Conflicts, it is likely that conflict will erupt or escalate environment around us a way that both.... This led to the loss of trust are not easily forgotten marital and...
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