Narration The symbols for numerals were not new. These pictographs referring to goods mark an important step in the evolution of writing because they were never repeated in one-to-one correspondence to express numerosity. Writing was used exclusively for accounting until the third millennium BC, when the Sumerian concern for the afterlife paved the way to literature by using writing for funerary inscriptions. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a Most academic essays have an overall structure – introduction leading to a thesis, body, conclusion. A typical Sumerian name ‘An Gives Life’ combined a star, the logogram for An, god of heaven, and an arrow, because the words for ‘arrow’ and ‘life’ were homonyms. Baines, J. The following are some transition words used to signal time (2 vols). Princeton: Princeton University Press. (2008) The Obsolescence and Demise of the Cuneiform Writing in Elam. The alphabet followed the Roman armies. An article review is a piece of writing where you summarize and assess another person’s article. Other common patterns included comparison and cause-and-effect. Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Content Standard: The learner realizes that information in a written text may be selected and organized to achieve a particular purpose Performance Standard: The learner critiques a chosen sample of each pattern of development focusing on information selection, organization, development These patterns, referred to academically as “rhetorical modes,” mirror the ways in which humans think about their worlds and organize their thoughts in order to communicate. The transition from cuneiform writing to the alphabet in the ancient Near East took place over several centuries. They were the impressions of cones and spheres formerly representing measures of grain, which then had acquired a second, abstract, numerical meaning. For example, sheep could be accounted independently of their actual location. Here’s how writing skills typically develop as kids get older. Bagley, R. W. (2004). Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. For example, statues depicting the features of an individual bore increasingly longer inscriptions. Lesson transitionalwordsorphrasesanparagraph, Selecting and Organizing Information - Brainstorming, No public clipboards found for this slide. In sum, in its first phase, writing remained mostly a mere extension of the former token system. Anyang writing and the Origin of the Chinese writing system. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. Abstract counting: When numbers are considered separately from the items counted. In all these instances, the medium changed in form but not in content. Finally, when the last clay tablet was written in the Near East, c. 300 AD, the cuneiform script had been in use for three millennia. (2000) Chinese Writing, The Institute of East Asian Studies, The University of California, Berkeley. 1). It has been a revelation, and in this article, I want to show you how to build and maintain them, too. It also always remained ideographic, merely inserting rebus-like phonetic complements in some characters. If you wish to opt out, please close your SlideShare account. Inscriptions on stone seals or metal vessels deposited in tombs of the ‘Royal Cemetery’ of Ur, c. 2700–2600 BC, are among the first texts that did not deal with merchandise, did not include numerals and were entirely phonetic (Schmandt-Besserat 2007) The inscriptions consisted merely of a personal name: ‘Meskalamdug,’ or a name and a title: ‘Puabi, Queen’ (Fig. The signs expressing the concept of oneness, twoness, etc., allowed plurality to be dealt with in fully abstract terms. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending. Technical writing includes a lot of process analysis, for instance. You can get help from essay writing. Remember that most paper will use a combination of methods, working together in "Although most short papers may employ one primary pattern with other patterns woven throughout, longer papers may have two or more primary patterns of development. It is heavily based on sensory details: sight, sound, smell, feel, taste. The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. First, it translated daily-life commodities into arbitrary, often geometric forms. The second phase in the evolution of the Mesopotamian script, characterized by the creation of phonetic signs, not only resulted in the parting of writing from accounting, but also its spreading out of Sumer to neighboring regions. Learn more. Ancient rhetoricians, including Aristotle and Cicero, developed techniques that writers used to gather, categorize, and explore common features in sets of information. Writing may have been invented independently three times in different parts of the world: in the Near East, China and Mesoamerica. It’s common to see examples used in all kinds of situations—an idea can be considered too general or abstract until we see it in action. The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an event. 6). But this one, I like best of all. Draw wavy lines across the page that look like lines of text from a book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finally, the process that started with ideograms expressing concepts and phonetic signs referring to the sound of monosyllabic words reached the ultimate segmentation of meaning with letters. The most striking universal feature of all writing systems, however, is their uncanny endurance, unmatched among human creations. Understand that crayons are used for making scribbles. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The Phoenician merchants established on the coast of present day Syria and Lebanon, played an important role in the diffusion of the alphabet. Revision and adaptation of the page Rhetorical Modes at https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/text-rhetorical-modes/. Classification and Division groups items into their parts or types. After 2600–2500 BC, the Sumerian script became a complex system of ideograms mixed more and more frequently with phonetic signs. It entails a logical evaluation of the central theme of the article, supporting arguments and implications for further research. Literature uses narration heavily, but it also can be useful in non-fiction, academic writing for strong impact. The following image identifies common patterns. Although it refers to “paragraph” patterns, understand that these are also common patterns for whole essays. A narrative paragraph contains action verbs and transition words that indicate Comparison focuses on similarities between things, and contrast focuses on their differences. Its evolution is divided into four phases: (a) clay tokens representing units of goods were used for accounting (8000–3500 BC); (b) the three dimensional tokens were transformed into two-dimensional pictographic signs, and like the former tokens, the pictographic script served exclusively for accounting (3500–3000 BC); (c) phonetic signs, introduced to transcribe the name of individuals, marked the turning point when writing started emulating spoken language and, as a result, became applicable to all fields of human experience (3000–1500 BC); (d) with two dozen letters, each standing for a single sound of voice, the alphabet perfected the rendition of speech. Pre-writing development is important! Marcus, J. It tells the readers when, where, and what happened. They can help you with any type of writing - from personal statement to research paper. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. From Mesopotamia to Iraq. Concrete counting: the use of different sets of numbers to count different set of items. Patterns of Development - Reading and Writing. Each token shape was semantic, referring to a particular unit of merchandise. The Greeks perfected the Semitic alphabet by adding letters for vowels—speech sounds in the articulation of which the breath channel is not blocked, like a, e, i, o, u. Rogers, H. (2005). Patterns of organization can help your readers follow the ideas within your essay and your paragraphs, but they can also work as methods of development to help you recognize and further develop ideas and relationships in your writing. (comparison and contrast), Discuss the effects of the U.S. civil war on the U.S. cotton industry during and in the decade immediately after the war. May write their name. Meanwhile, a short time later About 3200 BC, once the system of impressed signs was understood, clay tablets—solid cushion-shaped clay artifacts bearing the impressions of tokens—replaced the envelopes filled with tokens. This is particularly useful when an author has a unique way of dividing the concepts, to provide new insight into the ways it could be viewed. These inscriptions introduced syntax, thus bringing writing yet one step closer to speech. Before Writing. Moos, M. A. 3200 BC, was first. The origin of the Chinese script and the development of Mesoamerican writing are still obscure. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Narration is an especially useful tool for... 2. The personal names were transcribed by the mean of logograms—signs representing a word in a particular tongue. Description. 1). Malafouris L, (2010) Grasping the concept of number: How did the sapient mind move beyond approximation, in: I. Morley & C. Renfrew (eds. Like the archaic counters, the tablets were used exclusively for accounting (Nissen and Heine 2009). conclusion or ending. Patterns of Development Overview 1. Essays also have topic sentences and units of support that constitute the body, and these topic sentences and units of support need to be ordered logically in a way that’s appropriate to the essay’s thesis. After ideography, logography and syllabaries, the alphabet represents a further segmentation of meaning. The Mesopotamian script, however, offers a well-documented evolution over a continuous period of 10,000 years. Houston (Ed.). Write some actual letters, especially the letters in their name. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. (Certain English numerical expressions referring to particular sets, such as twin, triplet, quadruplet and duo, trio or quartet, are comparable to concrete numbers.). If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Because Sumerian was mostly a monosyllabic language, the logograms had a syllabic value. The development from tokens to script reveals that writing emerged from counting and accounting. 1. In particular, they brought their consonantal alphabetic system to Greece, perhaps as early as, or even before 800 BC. They still expressed plurality in one-to-one correspondence. As of this date, Scribd will manage your SlideShare account and any content you may have on SlideShare, and Scribd's General Terms of Use and Privacy Policy will apply. It's called ⇒ www.HelpWriting.net ⇐ Hope this helps! Scribd will begin operating the SlideShare business on December 1, 2020 Though it seems particularly pressing in our current social media, online-all-the-time culture, the idea of “information overload” has troubled humans for centuries. After, next, then, eventually, soon Phonetic signs allowed writing to break away from accounting. The concept of rhetorical modes actually goes back to ancient civilizations. As Marshall McLuhan (1997) defined it, the alphabet consists of semantically meaningless letters corresponding to semantically meaningless sounds. The invention of numerals meant a considerable economy of signs since 33 jars of oil could be written with 7 rather then 33 markings. Visual and Written culture in Ancient Egypt. The earliest Chinese inscriptions, dated to the Shang Dynasty, c. 1400–1200 BC, consist of oracle texts engraved on animal bones and turtle shells (Bagley 2004). 190-249). Even so, the first clear sign that children are interested in markmaking comes when they use thick crayons to make big circular and straight lines. 4). See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Reading and Writing Skills Scribd will begin operating the SlideShare business on December 1, 2020 For example, a cone and a sphere stood respectively for a small and a large measure of grain, and ovoids represented jars of oil. Some Principles and Patterns of Script Change. In what concerns this last script, it is still obscure how symbols and glyphs used by the Olmecs, whose culture flourished along the Gulf of Mexico ca 600 to 500 BC, reappeared in the classical Maya art and writing of 250-900 AD as well as in other Mesoamerican cultures (Marcus 1992). Narration tells a story. Knowing that these common patterns of human thought exist, will help you as a writer to both develop and organize information in your essays. 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Introduced syntax, thus bringing writing yet one step closer to speech the following are some transition words that Comparison! “ paragraph ” patterns, understand that these are also common patterns for whole essays accounted! Skills typically develop as kids get older particular tongue universal feature of all writing systems,,... Human creations story or relate an event to a conclusion or ending for strong impact system of ideograms mixed and... Introduced syntax, thus bringing writing yet one step closer to speech token shape was semantic, referring to conclusion. Of cookies on this website the logograms had a syllabic value narrative paragraph action! Present day Syria and Lebanon, played an important role in the ancient Near,... Mcluhan ( 1997 ) defined it, the University of California, Berkeley had a syllabic value maintain them too. Dealt with in fully abstract terms the purpose of narration is to tell a or! 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