Each paragraph should begin with an overarching statement or sentence that introduces the topic the rest of the paragraph then addresses in greater specificity and detail. Julia is in charge of stocking the shelves, writing orders, and to sell computers. Sometimes your instructions will specify what sections your thesis or assignment should include, and what should be included in each part; sometimes they will not. The rest of the discussion should analyse and discuss your results. Use our assignment structures and samples to find out how your peers approach their work, and what lecturers expect of you. Monash University is a registered higher education provider under the TEQSA Act 2011. Authorised by: Chief Marketing Officer, Strategic Marketing and Communications. A common outline of the discussion is the following: The first paragraph reminds your reader about the aim, preferably hinting at how you will contribute to the field. These often appear towards the end of the introduction, but sometimes also after a separate heading. Our unrivalled range of materials and ideas, includes: - Lesson plans for research and essay skills projects - Research guides - Essay writing activities And that's just the beginning! You may for example write “This is the first study to examine the correlation between …” Then you briefly account for the most important parts of your results, perhaps linking them to your hypothesis if you have one. Get help with all aspects of your assignment, from research to writing. Acquiring good academic research and writing skills early on is essential for your success both at university and in your professional life. In your conclusion you should fulfill your aim and account for what you have found in your study. An important feature of academic texts is that they are organised in a specific way; they have a clear structure. Last updated: Feb 2020. Information for Indigenous Australians. What are the clinical implications, for example? Please remember that the conclusion is not merely a brief repetition of your results. What kind of research is needed in the field in the future, and why. If you are writing a thesis you can also examine previous theses in your field in order to get an idea of what they usually include. It is the section of your text that is usually most difficult to write, for here you are not merely writing about something that you have already done, you have to write and analyse at the same time. (Just remember that theses may differ from each other significantly, so never use just one thesis as a template; look at several. The Structure of Paragraphs. 1. Sentence structure also affects your text and your reader's ability to understand the information you are presenting. For that reason, the introduction of the text must start with something much more general than your research questions. The structure of an academic text should be clear throughout the text and within each section, paragraph and even sentence. This structure makes it easier for your reader to navigate your text and understand the material better. Plagiarism, collusion and contract cheating, Approaches to assignments in your faculty, Principles for writing a Literary Studies Essay, Steps for writing a Literary Studies essay, Sample Business and Economics reflective essay, Understanding case notes and marker expectations, Reflective writing and critical incidents, Essay writing in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Reflective practice in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research & Learning Online Webmaster Team. A clear structure also entails that different parts are clearly connected to each other. While you may occasionally need to remind your reader of significant points accounted for in earlier sections of your text, your discussion should not include too much repetition from your background or introduction, your methods and materials, or from your results. It could also entail indicating that there is a problem with an existing method and that alternative methods are needed. Successfully structuring an essay means attending to a reader's logic. The aim is often rather general, and may have to be narrowed down with research questions. Practice 1: Edit these sentences to create parallel structure. Is there a logical order, in other words, can some questions only be understood after having read others? You may be asked to write a short introduction that raises your reader's interest and gives a very short introduction to the field, followed by a more extensive background section. What comes first in a sentence often appears more important than what succeeds it. How may your method have affected your results? First, your reader should understand how you got the results you did, and second, after reading this section, they should be able to duplicate your research. Two ways of achieving a clear structure are to use transition words and start sentences with what your readers have just read about. Pronoun Reference: Quiz 1. In the example given above, research questions could be, “What nursing interventions exist?” and “How many patients are still smoke free after one year?”. Each paragraph should also be unified: it should address one thing or idea only. If you posed several research questions, you should account for the results in the same order that you posed your research questions; the consistency will help make the text coherent and help your reader understand the information you are presenting. For this reason, the sections that concern what has been done in the study – methods and results – are narrow in the imrad model above. Solna:Retzius väg 13B This course aims: - to give you an understanding of the conventions of academic writing in English and to teach you the components and benefits of what is called process writing. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the study? Your reader needs to be able to understand the purpose of the details before being introduced to them. PARALLEL STRUCTURE PRACTICE - WORKSHEET 1 . University assignments are a big challenge, but we can guide you. You may say that the first paragraph makes for a shortcut into the discussion: it should enable your readers to understand the discussion without reading all the sections of your thesis. Dependent Clauses: Quiz 1. Remember that there must be a clear link between your aim and your research questions, but they should not be identical. Most academic texts in the sciences adhere to the model called imrad, which is an acronym for introduction, methods and materials, results, and discussion. It also makes it easier for you to organise your material. Only ask questions that will help you fulfil your aim. It is often said that the introduction should be shaped like a funnel (as it is in the imrad model above). If unwell, get tested and do not come to campus.View our latest COVID-19 updates. Maintained by: Research & Learning Online Webmaster Team. It may be helpful to keep the following questions in mind: It is also common to divide the discussion into two parts: a results discussion and a methods discussion. Place the research questions in an order that makes sense to you and then maintain that order throughout the rest of your thesis. Get help with all aspects of your assignment, from research to writing. Focus instead on what your results may imply after careful consideration (the consideration that you outlined in your discussion). 3. Our step-by-step guide will take you through the process, from planning to writing and publishing. Imrad is often illustrated with the following image (see explanation below). In order to make your delimited research interesting to others, however, you must place it in a larger context. What are the reasons for potential differences between your study and previous research? One example could be that the aim of the study was “to investigate how effective nursing interventions are for smoking cessation”. The illustrations should be clearly linked to your text, but you should not repeat all the information provided in the chart. What do potential similarities indicate? Finding the Subject: Quiz 2. Please note that the introduction may also be called a background. (Just remember that theses may differ from each other significantly, so never use just one thesis as a template; ... and it rarely hurts to note that more research is needed. The discussion section of your text is where you interpret your results for your reader. To achieve a clear structure in each paragraph, use topic sentences. In other words, research questions are specific questions that enable you to reach your aim. In the latter case, always ask your instructor. The title should highlight the same aspects of the study that your aim does, and all the subsequent sections of the text should respond to the aim. VAT. The aim captures what you intend to achieve with your study. Practice writing and seeing possible problems with research questions. Our resources will help you with everything from reading to note-taking, and time management to exams. In the methods section you should show your reader exactly how you have conducted your research, that is, what you have done to fulfill your aim and answer your research questions. Read more about the structure of sentences. Are you working on a research project? Finding the Subject: Quiz 1. Mike likes to listen to rock music and reading mystery novels. This means that you should start in a broad and general manner and then gradually zoom in on your own, more specific topic. The introduction should provide everything the reader needs to know in order to understand your aim as well as why the aim is important. If you do that, you first focus on the results of your study, and then scrutinise your methods. Each paragraph should also add something new not found elsewhere in the text. We acknowledge and pay respects to the Elders and Traditional Owners of the land on which our four Australian campuses stand. Neither do you need to tell your readers about all the ideas you had or things you wanted to do but did not do. Because essays are essentially linear—they offer one idea at a time—they must present their ideas in the order that makes most sense to a reader. nr: SE202100297301, Read more about the structure of sentences. It is crucial that the aim is consistent with every other section of the text. Below is an overview of what should be included in each of the sections of the academic text, as well as advice on how to structure your text and make it more coherent. Copyright © 2020 Monash University. Also remember that instructions and instructor expectations can change). But what is meant by "exactly" how you conducted your research? If you have several research questions, you should consider how to order them. Disregard irrelevant details: you do not, for instance, need to tell your reader that you went to the library or that you talked to Barbro the librarian. Comma Splices and Fused Sentences: Quiz 1. Research & writing for assignments. How do they affect your results? It is helpful if you begin your methods section by writing something overarching about your method, such as mentioning your study design. Your aim and your thesis must be delimited and narrow, as you can only research a small part of the world in your studies. Instead, account for the most important aspects or trends visible in the tables or charts; in other words, tell your reader what you want them to observe. 2. How do they relate to previous research? KIB Publications Contact Doing Research; The Writing Process; The Parts of an Essay; If you are writing a thesis you can also examine previous theses in your field in order to get an idea of what they usually include. Are some questions more important than others? The aim determines the entire academic text and the content found in each section. Secondary English resources from Tes gives you a huge range of teaching ideas to help with research and essay skills for KS3, KS4, GCSE and post-16. ABN 12 377 614 012 Accessibility - Disclaimer and copyright - Website terms and conditions - Data Protection and Privacy Procedure - Data Consent Settings, Monash University CRICOS Provider Number: 00008C, Monash College CRICOS Provider Number: 01857J. Please note that tables and charts should be understandable without reading the body text, so it is important that you include captions that indicate what they illustrate. Methods for collecting data. All parts of your discussion should analyse your results. Both your entire text and each paragraph that comprises your text should adhere to the conventions of paragraph structure in academic texts. Flemingsberg:Alfred Nobels allé 8 Quiz Category: Sentence Structure Simple and Complete Subjects: Quiz 1. When you have accounted for the context and pointed to the importance of new knowledge in the field, your reader will be well prepared when you present your aim and research questions towards the end of the introduction. Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research question.The data collection methods you use depend on the type of data you need.. Qualitative vs. quantitative data. It may help your readers if you use illustrations such as tables and charts when presenting your results. The text needs to start with something that your reader can relate to, and that shows your reader what field your research will contribute to, as well as how it will do so. Phone: +46-8-524 840 00, About KIBAbout this website However, keep in mind that accounting for what you have found in your study does not mean that you can or even should make absolute claims; these cannot often be drawn from a small study, if ever. If you tell your readers right away that your work is a literature review or that your method consisted of interviewing nurses using semi-structured interviews, it is easier for the reader to understand the details that follow the overarching statement. Convincing your reader that your aim is important often entails showing that there is something we do not know, but that we would benefit from knowing – perhaps in order to provide better care or develop a new drug or new treatment method. Keep in mind the significant facts; how you got your results, and what the reader would need to do to duplicate them. Sometimes the two terms are used to refer to the exact same thing; at other times, they refer to different things. Please read the section about the principles of paragraphing and topic sentences and make sure that each paragraph – except the very first one – contains some analysis of your topic. Focus on what you did, and account for the choices you made, when necessary. Focus instead on what your results may imply – and it rarely hurts to note that more research is needed. Accessibility Statement (As mentioned above, the aim and research questions are sometimes placed under a separate heading, which may be placed right after the introduction.). Extended Writing Task (Task 2.7 or 2.8 or 2.9 or 2.11) 24 Study Notes on ... 12 month masters and doctoral research programmes lasting at least 36 months . How are your results important to future developments? When you write your conclusion you have a golden opportunity to make sure that all the sections of your thesis are connected and that the focus is consistent in each section. The model should, however, be complemented with sections for aims and research questions, as these make up the very backbone of an academic text in the sciences. In the results section you should account for your results in an objective manner, without interpreting them (interpreting your results is what you do in the discussion part). Writing an academic essay means fashioning a coherent set of ideas into an argument. 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